Friday, November 12, 2010
MGT101 GDB
Semester "Fall 2010"
HRM611 GDB Solution
Discussion Question
Solution:-
MGT101 GDB Solution
Financial Accounting (MGT101)
Thursday, November 11, 2010
Fin622 Online Quiz No. 2
Since capital budgeting uses cash flows instead of accounting flows, the financial manager must add back _____________ to the analysis.
The cost of fixed assets
The cost of accounts payable
Investments
Depreciation
Question # 14 of 15 ( Start time: 04:49:35 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is a main purpose of the Sensitivity Analysis?
To find out the optimal level of capital budget.
To find out that how price changes affect break-even volume.
To find out the seasonal variation in product demand.
To find out that how variables in a project affect profitability
Question # 13 of 15 ( Start time: 04:48:39 PM ) Total Marks: 1
If you invest Rs.400 today in a savings account paying 8 percent interest per year, how much will you have in the account at the end of three years if the interest is compounded annually?
Rs.325
Rs.1,299
Rs.504
Rs.609
Question # 12 of 15 ( Start time: 04:48:00 PM ) Total Marks: 1
If an investor buys a non-zero coupon bond and holds it to maturity, then the rate of return she will receive depends on:
Select correct option:
The bond's maturity value.
The price paid for the bond
The interest payments to be received.
All of the given options
Question # 11 of 15 ( Start time: 04:47:38 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following changes will increase the Net Present Value (NPV ) of a project?
A decrease in the discount rate
A decrease in the size of the cash inflows
An increase in the initial cost of the project
A decrease in the number of cash inflows
Question # 10 of 15 ( Start time: 04:46:37 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Suppose you need the present value interest factor for 12 percent compounded quarterly for 10 years. If all you have is a PVIF table, you would use the ________ period row and the ________ percent rate column.
40, 12
20, 12
40, 3
20, 6
Question # 9 of 15 ( Start time: 04:46:15 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following focuses on long-term decision-making regarding the acquisition of projects?
Working Capital Management
Capital Budgeting
Cash Budgeting
None of the given options
Question # 8 of 15 ( Start time: 04:45:39 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following bonds will have the greatest percentage increase in value if all interest rates decrease by 1 percent?
20-year, zero coupon bond.
10-year, zero coupon bond.
20-year, 10 percent coupon bond
20-year, 5 percent coupon bond.
Question # 7 of 15 ( Start time: 04:45:03 PM ) Total Marks: 1
If two projects offer the same, positive NPV, then which of the following would be a reasonable conclusion?
The projects would have the same IRR.
The projects would have the same payback period.
The projects are mutually exclusive.
The projects would add the same amount to the value of the firm.
Question # 6 of 15 ( Start time: 04:44:37 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following method of stock evaluation tries to predict the future movement of a stock based on past data?
Trend analysis
Fundamental analysis
Horizontal analysis
Vertical analysis
Question # 5 of 15 ( Start time: 04:37:51 PM ) Total Marks: 1
In which of the following situations market price of a security will move up?
When market price of the security is above the intrinsic value of the security
When market price of the security is equal to the intrinsic value of the security
When market value of the security is equal to the face value of the security
When market price of the security is below the intrinsic value of the security
Question # 4 of 15 ( Start time: 04:36:47 PM ) Total Marks: 1
You plan to deposit Rs.400 at the end of each year for 16 years in an account that pays 9 percent compounded annually. The terminal value at the end of the 16 year period is closest to:
Rs.13,201
Rs.17,667
Rs.9,634
Rs.19,329.
Question # 3 of 15 ( Start time: 04:35:47 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding future value of a single sum?
Increase if the interest rate increases.
Remains unchanged if the interest rate changes
Decrease if the interest rate increases
All of the given options are correct.
Question # 2 of 15 ( Start time: 04:34:42 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A company has fixed costs of $50,000 and variable costs per unit of output of $8. If its sole product sells for $18, what is the break-even quantity of output?
2,500
5,000
1,500
7,500
Question # 1 of 15 ( Start time: 04:34:00 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The decision rule for net present value is to:
Accept all projects with cash inflows exceeding initial cost.
Reject all projects with rates of return exceeding the opportunity cost of capital.
Accept all projects with positive net present values.
Reject all projects lasting longer than 10 years.
Mgt601 GDB Solution
Although many steps have been taken by government of Pakistan for the promotion SME sector e.g. initialization of SME policy development, Industrial Information Network, Industry Support Program and founding of institutions on provincial bases. And there has been some success on limited bases like the awareness-creation role (cluster-development) of the project has been particularly important, and achieved considerable success.
yet there is lot need be done. Out of many problems, cumbersome procedure by Government agencies, taxation and other charges promoting lack of documentation or incorrect documentation done by SME entrepreneurs, inconsistent government policies discouraging entrepreneurs to develop long-term vision, lack of formal technical education, non-internalization of new technologies, lack of basic infrastructure, finance, marketing etc. and most important of all, these factors discouraged commercial banks to extend financing to SME sector especially when specialized Government institutes such as SBFC, RDFC etc. failed to be feasible. Such circumstances shows that path chosen by the government for the development of SME sector but it will go on wrong direction if the above mentioned would not be seriously considered and sort out by the government of Pakistan.
He also stressed the need for taking further steps to boost this sector to create more job opportunities to the people besides enhancing exports of the country. Former finance minister Dr Salman Shah called for promoting SME sector for spurning the economic growth and boosting exports in the country. He told the participants that Ministry for Industries and the World Bank are taking initiatives to promote and develop the SME sector of the country. He further said that SMEs are contributing significantly towards the country's GDP and provides most of the jobs in the country. Highlighting the objectives of the meeting, he said that its main purpose is to find out grassroots problems of small and medium enterprises sector and suggest solutions to address the problems. Earlier, President of Islamabad Chamber of Commerce Zahid Maqbool lauded the efforts of government for the conservation of energy n the energy conservation of energy in the country.
"We are supporting government at every step in this regards", he remarked. He urged the government to ensure supply of power for thirteen hours to the markets during the business hours. He expressed the hope that due to these steps government would be able to overcome the energy crisis in the country.
Mgmt625 Quiz No. 2 Announcement
Dated:
Nov 08, 10
You have to attempt the quiz online from 11-11-2010 to 12-11-2010. You can start attempting the quiz any time within given dates by clicking the quick link for Quiz on VULMS as it will become enabled within the mentioned dates. As soon as the time will be over, it will automatically be disabled and will not be available to attempt.
Quiz will be based upon Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), Covering Video Lecture 1 to 16.
Each question has a fixed time of 90 seconds. So you have to save your answer before 90 seconds. But due to unstable internet speeds, it is recommended that you should save your answer within 60 seconds. While attempting a question, keep an eye on the remaining time.
Attempting quiz is unidirectional. Once you move forward to the next question, you can not go back to the previous one. Therefore before moving to the next question, make sure that you have selected the best option.
DO NOT
press back button while attempting a question; otherwise you will lose that question.
DO NOT
refresh the page unnecessarily.
DO NOT
try to disable "JavaScript" in your browser; otherwise you will not be able to attempt the quiz.
If for any reason, you lose access to internet (like power failure or disconnection of internet), you will be able to attempt the quiz again from the position where you left in last attempt. But remember that you have to complete the quiz before expiry of the deadline.
If any student failed to attempt the quiz within given time limit, then no re-take or offline quiz will be held.
Fin621 Quiz No. 2
Which of the following account would NOT be closed to the income summary account at the end of a period?
Select correct option:
Rent expense
Revenue earned
Wages expense
Accumulated depreciation
Question # 2 of 15 ( Start time: 03:55:30 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is not true about the "Account"?
Select correct option:
Accounts are only prepared by the business entities
Account always reflects the amount of the single transaction only
Account is effected both by economic and non economic events
All of the given options
Question # 3 of 15 ( Start time: 03:55:53 AM ) Total Marks: 1
An entry that effects more than one accounts is knows as _____________.
Select correct option:
Journal entry
Compound entry
Adjusting entry
Reversing entry
Question # 4 of 15 ( Start time: 03:56:20 AM ) Total Marks: 1
In statement of cash flows, which of the following would not be considered an item from an "investing" activity?
Select correct option:
Collections on loan
Purchase of marketable securities
Purchase of fixed assets
Payments of dividends
Question # 5 of 15 ( Start time: 03:57:10 AM ) Total Marks: 1
When preparing a statement of cash flows under the indirect method, supplemental disclosure should be made for which of the following?
Select correct option:
Net cash consumed by operating activities
Cash dividend distributions
Cash paid for interest and taxes
Cash paid for wages
Question # 6 of 15 ( Start time: 03:58:38 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is a special temporary account used to close all of the revenue and expense accounts?
Select correct option:
Close-out Summary
Owner's Capital
Income Summary
Temporary Summary
Question # 7 of 15 ( Start time: 03:59:03 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Company XYZ purchases Machinery on credit; Journal entry would be:
Select correct option:
Accounts Payable debit; Machinery Credit
Accounts Receivable debit; Machinery Credit
Machinery Debit; Accounts Payable credit
Machinery Debit; Accounts Receivable credit
Question # 8 of 15 ( Start time: 03:59:42 AM ) Total Marks: 1
On November 30, 2008 ABC Company borrowed Rs. 4,000 from bank by issuing an interest-bearing note payable. This loan is to be paid in three months along with interest computed at an annual rate of 9%. What will be the entry on Nov 30 to record this borrowing?
Select correct option:
Cash – Debit; Notes payable – Credit
Notes payable – Debit; Cash – Credit
Interest expense – Debit; Cash – Credit
Interest payable – Debit; Notes payable - Credit
Question # 9 of 15 ( Start time: 04:00:44 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Closing entries result in net income being calculated in the income summary account and then transferred to which of the following account?
Select correct option:
Revenue account
Common Stock account
Dividends account
Retained Earnings account
Question # 10 of 15 ( Start time: 04:01:09 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Net current assets are equivalent to:
Select correct option:
Stock plus debtors plus cash
Current liabilities less current assets
Working capital
Fixed assets plus current assets less current liabilities
Question # 11 of 15 ( Start time: 04:01:36 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Assets of the business are valued and recorded at cost in the financial statement as these are not for resale purposes, according to which of the following?
Select correct option:
Going concern assumption
Cost Principle
Separate entity principle
Objectivity principle
Question # 12 of 15 ( Start time: 04:01:52 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is the third step of accounting cycle?
Select correct option:
Preparing financial statements
Preparing trial balance
Posting
Making adjusting entries
Question # 13 of 15 ( Start time: 04:02:13 AM ) Total Marks: 1
The right side of an account is a:
Select correct option:
Debit side
Credit side
Balance of that account
Carried to the next accounting period
Question # 14 of 15 ( Start time: 04:02:26 AM ) Total Marks: 1
How the transactions in a journal are initially recorded?
Select correct option:
Alphabetical order
Ascending order
Chronological order
Alphanumeric order
Question # 15 of 15 ( Start time: 04:02:43 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is the next step after the preparation of trial balance?
Select correct option:
Adjusted trial balance
Financial statements
Adjusting entries
Closing entries
Question # 1 of 15 ( Start time: 02:40:03 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A journal entry that has more than one debit or credit is known as:
Select correct option:
1. Double entry
2. Multiple entry
3. Compound entry page#8
4. None of the given option
Question # 2 of 15 ( Start time: 02:41:04 PM ) Total Marks: 1
In the long run, a business must generate positive net cash flow from which of the
following activities, if it is to survive?
Select correct option:
1. Investing activities
2. Financing activities
3. Operating activities
4. Non cash activities
Question # 3 of 15 ( Start time: 02:41:49 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is the next step after the preparation of trial balance?
Select correct option:
1. Adjusted trial balance
2. Financial statements
3. Adjusting entries
4. Closing entries
Question # 4 of 15 ( Start time: 02:42:14 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A business has purchased a building on cash, how it would be recorded in the journal?
Select correct option:
1. Building - Debit; Cash - Credit
2. Cash - Debit; Building - Credit
3. Building - Debit; Owner's equity - Credit
4. Building - Debit; Accounts Payable - Credit
Question # 5 of 15 ( Start time: 02:42:36 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Decision makers compare net income to net cash from operating activities. To make these
amounts more comparable, the same accounts are included in each. The following accounts are used to compute both net income and net cash from operating activities EXCEPT:
Select correct option:
1. Dividends declared and paid
2. Dividend revenue
3. Interest expense
4. Interest revenue
Question # 6 of 15 ( Start time: 02:42:58 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is the adjustment that is added during the reconciliation of net income to operating cash flows in indirect method?
Select correct option:
1. An increase in Accounts Receivable
2. An increase in Prepaid Expenses
3. Gain on sale of capital assets
4. Amortization Expense
Question # 7 of 15 ( Start time: 02:43:12 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The appropriate journal entry to record equipment depreciation expense would consist of a debit to Depreciation Expense and a credit to which of the following accounts?
Select correct option:
1. Equipment
2. Accumulated Depreciation: Equipment
3. Retained Earnings
4. Cash
Question # 8 of 15 ( Start time: 02:43:31 PM ) Total Marks: 1
In statement of cash flows, interest payment made on loan from bank is related to:
Select correct option:
1. Investing activity
2. Financing activity
3. Operating activity
4. Net changes in working capital
Question # 9 of 15 ( Start time: 02:44:44 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Net current assets are equivalent to:
Select correct option:
1. Stock plus debtors plus cash
2. Current liabilities less current assets
3. Working capital
4. Fixed assets plus current assets less current liabilities
Question # 10 of 15 ( Start time: 02:45:14 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The Drawing account is closed by which of the following entry?
Select correct option:
1. Capital – Debit; Drawing - Credit
2. Drawing – Debit; Capital - Credit
3. Income Summary – Debit; Drawing - Crediting
4. Drawing – Debit; Income Summary - Crediting
Question # 11 of 15 ( Start time: 02:45:42 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is the largest single expense of most merchandising firms?
Select correct option:
1. Cost of goods sold
2. Rent Expense
3. Amortization Expense
4. Salaries Expense
Question # 12 of 15 ( Start time: 02:46:03 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The right side of an account is a:
Select correct option:
1. Debit side
2. Credit side
3. Balance of that account
4. Carried to the next accounting period
Question # 13 of 15 ( Start time: 02:46:43 PM ) Total Marks: 1
How the transactions in a journal are initially recorded?
Select correct option:
1. Alphabetical order
2. Ascending order
3. Chronological order
4. Alphanumeric order
Question # 14 of 15 ( Start time: 02:47:08 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The income statement of the UBL shows the interest revenue of Rs. 6,000, and the amount of accrued interest receivable has increased from Rs. 3000 to Rs. 4000 during the year.
Calculate the amount of interest received.
Select correct option:
1. Rs. 7000
2. Rs. 5000
3. Rs. 8000
4. Rs. 1000
Question # 15 of 15 ( Start time: 02:47:30 PM ) Total Marks: 1
If a company has paid dividends on its preference shares, under which one of the cash flow
statement headings would they appear?
Select correct option:
1. Returns on investments and servicing of finance
2. Financing
3. Equity dividends paid
4. Capital investment and financial investment
CS401 Quiz No. 1 Solved
Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 11:52:37 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Size Mismatch Error is a syntax error
Select correct option:
False
True
)
Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 11:53:35 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Unconditional jump
Select correct option:
Execute in every condition whether true or false
If the condition is true
If the condition is false
None of the given
sec(s)
Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 11:54:53 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Bydefault CS is associated with
Select correct option:
SS
BP
CX
IP
sec(s)
Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 11:56:07 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Register whose each bit specify a different meaning is
Select correct option:
Accumulator Register
Pointer Register
Index register
Flag register
sec(s)
Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 11:57:07 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which type of Rotation it is "Every bit moves one position to the right and the bit dropped from the right is inserted at
the eft. This bit is also copied into the carry flag."
Select correct option:
ROL
RCR
RCL
None of the given
sec(s)
Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 11:58:43 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Assembly languague is not a low level language.
Select correct option:
True
False
Click here to Save Answer & Move to Next Question
sec(s)
Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 11:59:32 AM ) Total Marks: 1
In JA jump is not taken after a CMP if the unsigned destination is larger than the unsigned source.
Select correct option:
True
False
sec(s)
Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 12:00:57 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Group of bits processor uses to inform memory which element to read/write is collectively known as
Select correct option:
Control bus
Data bus
Address bus
RAM
sec(s)
Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 12:03:07 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Memory to Memory operation is allowed
Select correct option:
True
False
sec(s)
Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 12:12:49 PM ) Total Marks: 1
90 is the op-code of
Select correct option:
Do nothing
Add
Subtract
Multiplication
sec(s)
Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 12:14:11 PM ) Total Marks: 1
we can not add two base register i.e. (bx+bp) or cant use in an instruction
Select correct option:
True
False
Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 12:15:09 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Intel follow
Select correct option:
Littel endian
Big endian
Both littel endian and big endian
None of the given
sec(s)
Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 12:15:30 PM ) Total Marks: 1
SHL and SAL are same
Select correct option:
True
False
sec(s)
Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 12:16:08 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Register whose each bit specify a different meaning is
Select correct option:
Accumulator Register
Pointer Register
Index register
Flag register
sec(s)
Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 12:16:35 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The first 16-bit processor produced by "Intel" was 8085
Select correct option:
True
False
sec(s)
Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 12:16:35 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The first 16-bit processor produced by "Intel" was 8085
Select correct option:
True
False
sec(s)
Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 12:17:49 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The extension of assembly languague file is
Select correct option:
.doc
.com
.lst
.asm
sec(s)
Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 12:18:15 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Bydefault CS is associated with
Select correct option:
SS
BP
CX
IP
sec(s)
Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 12:18:58 PM ) Total Marks: 1
When a large number is subtracted from a smaller number, a borrow is needed; in this case which flag will be set
Select correct option:
ZF
CF
SF
OF
sec(s)
Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 12:22:30 PM ) Total Marks: 1
All the addressing mechanisms in iAPX88 return a number called _____________ address.
Select correct option:
Effective address
Physical address
Direct address
None of the given
sec(s)
Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 12:23:35 PM ) Total Marks: 1
In direct addressing the memory address given in the instruction is
Select correct option:
Fixed
Variable
Register
sec(s)
Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 12:24:58 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which type of shifting is "Inserts a zero from the left and moves every bit one position to the right and copies the
rightmost bit in the carry flag."
Select correct option:
SHL
SAL
SAR
None of the given
sec(s)
Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 12:26:21 PM ) Total Marks: 1
mov [1234],ax is an example of
Select correct option:
Direct addressing
Base register indirect
Base+index
None of the given
sec(s)
Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 12:28:26 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Registers are also called scratch pad ram
Select correct option:
True
False
sec(s)
Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 12:30:51 PM ) Total Marks: 1
we can not Subrtace index register from the base register( bx-si )in assemlby language
Select correct option:
True
False
sec(s)
Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 12:33:34 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Register are storage cell
Select correct option:
Outside the processor
Both inside and outside the processor
Inside the processor
None of the given
sec(s)
Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 12:34:01 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Bydefault CS is associated with
Select correct option:
SS
BP
CX
IP
Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 12:36:43 PM ) Total Marks: 1
In direct addressing the memory address given in the instruction is
Select correct option:
Fixed
Variable
Register
sec(s)
Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 12:37:36 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The basic function of register is to
Select correct option:
Hold the operand
Hold the operator
Hold both the operator and operand
None of the given
sec(s)
Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 12:40:52 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Instruction Pointer holds the address of the
Select correct option:
Previous instruction to be executed
Current instruction
Next instruction to be executed
None of the given
Click here to Save Answer & Move to Next Question
ec(s)
Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 12:41:27 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Register to Register Operation is not allowed
Select correct option:
True
False
sec(s)
Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 12:41:56 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Address is alway go from
Select correct option:
Processor to memory
Memory to processor
Memory to memory
None of the given
sec(s)
Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 12:42:28 PM ) Total Marks: 1
CX register mostly use a
Select correct option:
Counter register
Flag register
Base register
Desination register
sec(s)
Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 12:43:16 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The jump is taken if the last arithmetic operation changed the sign unexpectedly.
Select correct option:
JO
JNO
JNZ
JZ
sec(s)
Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 12:44:26 PM ) Total Marks: 1
In JA jump is not taken after a CMP if the unsigned destination is larger than the unsigned source.
Select correct option:
True
False
sec(s)
Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 12:45:35 PM ) Total Marks: 1
which type of rotation it is "The carry flag is inserted from the left, every bit moves one position to the right, and the
right most bit is dropped in the carry flag. "
Select correct option:
RCR
ROL
RCL
ROR
sec(s)
Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 12:45:35 PM ) Total Marks: 1
which type of rotation it is "The carry flag is inserted from the left, every bit moves one position to the right, and the
right most bit is dropped in the carry flag. "
Select correct option:
RCR
ROL
RCL
ROR
sec(s)
Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 12:51:00 PM ) Total Marks: 1
This jump is taken if the last arithmetic operation produced a number in its destination that has even parity , Which
jump is taken
Select correct option:
JP
JPE
JNP
both JP and JPE
In direct addressing the memory address given in the instruction is
Select correct option:
When a large number is subtracted from a smaller number, a borrow is needed; in this case which flag will be set
Select correct option:
ZF
CF
SF
OF
The extension of assembly languague file is
Select correct option:
.doc
.com
.lst
.asm
Assembly languague is not a low level language.
Select correct option:
True
False
The basic function of register is to
Select correct option:
Hold the operand
Hold the operator
Hold both the operator and operand
None of the given
All the addressing mechanisms in iAPX88 return a number called _____________ address.
Select correct option:
Effective address
Physical address
Direct address
None of the given
BP by default associated with
Select correct option:
CS
IP
SS
SP
SHL and SAL are same
Select correct option:
True
False
we can not Subrtace index register from the base register( bx-si )in assemlby language
Select correct option:
True
False
Group of bits processor uses to inform memory which element to read/write is collectively known as
Select correct option:
Control bus
Data bus
Address bus
RAM